---
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title: Debug
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- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/automotive-grade-linux/docs-sources/master/docs/security-blueprint/part-4/4-Debug.md
---
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# Debug
-No debuggers shall be present on the file system. This includes, but is not limited to, the GNU Debugger client/server (commonly known in their short form names such as the `gdb` and `gdbserver` executable binaries respectively), the `LLDB` next generation debugger or the `TCF` (Target Communications Framework) agnostic framework. Including these binaries as part of the file system will facilitate an attacker's ability to reverse engineer and debug (either locally or remotely) any process that is currently executing on the device.
+No debuggers shall be present on the file system. This includes, but is not
+limited to, the GNU Debugger client/server (commonly known in their short form
+names such as the `gdb` and `gdbserver` executable binaries respectively), the
+`LLDB` next generation debugger or the `TCF` (Target Communications Framework)
+agnostic framework. Including these binaries as part of the file system will
+facilitate an attacker's ability to reverse engineer and debug (either locally
+or remotely) any process that is currently executing on the device.
## Kernel debug symbols
-Debug symbols should always be removed from production kernels as they provide a lot of information to attackers.
+Debug symbols should always be removed from production kernels as they provide a
+lot of information to attackers.
<!-- section-config -->
<!-- end-section-config -->
-These kernel debug symbols are enabled by other config items in the kernel. Care should be taken to disable those also. If `CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO` cannot be disabled, then enabling `CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_REDUCED` is second best.
+These kernel debug symbols are enabled by other config items in the kernel. Care
+should be taken to disable those also. If `CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO` cannot be
+disabled, then enabling `CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_REDUCED` is second best.
<!-- section-note -->
-At least `CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_REDUCED` should be always enabled for developers to convert addresses in oops messages to line numbers.
+At least `CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_REDUCED` should be always enabled for developers to
+convert addresses in oops messages to line numbers.
<!-- end-section-note -->
## Disable Kprobes
-Kprobes enables you to dynamically break into any kernel routine and collect debugging and performance information non-disruptively. You can trap at almost any kernel code address, specifying a handler routine to be invoked when the breakpoint is hit.
+Kprobes enables you to dynamically break into any kernel routine and collect
+debugging and performance information non-disruptively. You can trap at almost
+any kernel code address, specifying a handler routine to be invoked when the
+breakpoint is hit.
<!-- section-config -->
## Disable Tracing
-FTrace enables the kernel to trace every kernel function. Providing kernel trace functionality would assist an attacker in discovering attack vectors.
+FTrace enables the kernel to trace every kernel function. Providing kernel trace
+functionality would assist an attacker in discovering attack vectors.
<!-- section-config -->
## Disable Profiling
-Profiling and OProfile enables profiling the whole system, include the kernel, kernel modules, libraries, and applications. Providing profiling functionality would assist an attacker in discovering attack vectors.
+Profiling and OProfile enables profiling the whole system, include the kernel,
+kernel modules, libraries, and applications. Providing profiling functionality
+would assist an attacker in discovering attack vectors.
<!-- section-config -->
## Disable OOPS print on BUG()
-The output from OOPS print can be helpful in Return Oriented Programming (ROP) when trying to determine the effectiveness of an exploit.
+The output from OOPS print can be helpful in Return Oriented Programming (ROP)
+when trying to determine the effectiveness of an exploit.
<!-- section-config -->
## Disable Kernel Debugging
-There are development-only branches of code in the kernel enabled by the `DEBUG_KERNEL` conf. This should be disabled to compile-out these branches.
+There are development-only branches of code in the kernel enabled by the
+`DEBUG_KERNEL` conf. This should be disabled to compile-out these branches.
<!-- section-config -->
<!-- end-section-config -->
-In some kernel versions, disabling this requires also disabling `CONFIG_EMBEDDED`, and `CONFIG_EXPERT`. Disabling `CONFIG_EXPERT` makes it impossible to disable `COREDUMP`, `DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE`, `NAMESPACES`, `KALLSYMS` and `BUG`. In which case it is better to leave this enabled than enable the others.
+In some kernel versions, disabling this requires also disabling
+`CONFIG_EMBEDDED`, and `CONFIG_EXPERT`. Disabling `CONFIG_EXPERT` makes it
+impossible to disable `COREDUMP`, `DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE`, `NAMESPACES`, `KALLSYMS`
+and `BUG`. In which case it is better to leave this enabled than enable the
+others.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Disable the kernel debug filesystem
-The kernel debug filesystem presents a lot of useful information and means of manipulation of the kernel to an attacker.
+The kernel debug filesystem presents a lot of useful information and means of
+manipulation of the kernel to an attacker.
<!-- section-config -->
## Disable BUG() support
-The kernel will display backtrace and register information for BUGs and WARNs in kernel space, making it easier for attackers to develop exploits.
+The kernel will display backtrace and register information for BUGs and WARNs in
+kernel space, making it easier for attackers to develop exploits.
<!-- section-config -->
## Disable core dumps
-Core dumps provide a lot of debug information for hackers. So disabling core dumps are recommended in production builds.
+Core dumps provide a lot of debug information for hackers. So disabling core
+dumps are recommended in production builds.
-This configuration is supported in **Linux 3.7 and greater** and thus should only be disabled for such versions.
+This configuration is supported in **Linux 3.7 and greater** and thus should
+only be disabled for such versions.
<!-- section-config -->
## Kernel Address Display Restriction
-When attackers try to develop "run anywhere" exploits for kernel vulnerabilities, they frequently need to know the location of internal kernel structures. By treating kernel addresses as sensitive information, those locations are not visible to regular local users.
+When attackers try to develop "run anywhere" exploits for kernel
+vulnerabilities, they frequently need to know the location of internal kernel
+structures. By treating kernel addresses as sensitive information, those
+locations are not visible to regular local users.
-**/proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict is set to "1"** to block the reporting of known kernel address leaks.
+**/proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict is set to "1"** to block the reporting of known
+kernel address leaks.
<!-- section-config -->
<!-- end-section-config -->
-Additionally, various files and directories should be readable only by the root user: `/boot/vmlinuz*`, `/boot/System.map*`, `/sys/kernel/debug/`, `/proc/slabinfo`
+Additionally, various files and directories should be readable only by the root
+user: `/boot/vmlinuz*`, `/boot/System.map*`, `/sys/kernel/debug/`,
+`/proc/slabinfo`
<!-- section-config -->
## DMESG Restrictions
-When attackers try to develop "run anywhere" exploits for vulnerabilities, they frequently will use `dmesg` output. By treating `dmesg` output as sensitive information, this output is not available to the attacker.
+When attackers try to develop "run anywhere" exploits for vulnerabilities, they
+frequently will use `dmesg` output. By treating `dmesg` output as sensitive
+information, this output is not available to the attacker.
-**/proc/sys/kernel/dmesg_restrict can be set to "1"** to treat dmesg output as sensitive.
+**/proc/sys/kernel/dmesg_restrict can be set to "1"** to treat dmesg output as
+sensitive.
<!-- section-config -->
<!-- end-section-config -->
-Enable the below compiler and linker options when building user-space applications to avoid stack smashing, buffer overflow attacks.
+Enable the below compiler and linker options when building user-space
+applications to avoid stack smashing, buffer overflow attacks.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Disable /proc/config.gz
-It is extremely important to not expose the kernel configuration used on a production device to a potential attacker. With access to the kernel config, it could be possible for an attacker to build a custom kernel for the device that may disable critical security features.
+It is extremely important to not expose the kernel configuration used on a
+production device to a potential attacker. With access to the kernel config, it
+could be possible for an attacker to build a custom kernel for the device that
+may disable critical security features.
<!-- section-config -->
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